Progressive Care Nursing Certification (PCCN) Practice Exam

Neutrophil activation due to endotoxins in sepsis leads to significant pathophysiological changes in the body, and capillary leakage is one of the major consequences. Endotoxins, which are components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, trigger an inflammatory response when they enter the bloodstream. This response activates neutrophils, which release various mediators such as cytokines and proteases. These mediators cause changes in the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels, increasing their permeability. When the permeability of capillary membranes increases, it results in the leakage of plasma proteins and fluid from the bloodstream into the interstitial space. This phenomenon contributes to the development of edema, affects tissue perfusion, and can lead to multiple organ dysfunction due to inadequate blood flow and oxygenation. Additionally, while outcomes such as increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure, and changes in blood volume can also occur in the setting of sepsis, they are secondary responses to the overall inflammatory process rather than direct consequences of neutrophil activation. The primary and immediate effect tied directly to neutrophil activation is the capillary leakage, which is a hallmark of the septic state.